# Classification of cardiovascular diseases in children #
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## Disease of the cardiovascular medical ##
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Classification of cardiovascular diseases in children
Cardiovascular diseases in children represent a diverse and complex disease, which requires a differentiated classification. A systematic classification allows a specific diagnosis, therapy and prognosis assessment. In the Following, the most important classification approaches are introduced.
1. Classification according to causes
A basic sub-division is made according to the causes of the disease:
Congenital heart defects (CHD — Congenital Heart Defects): Congenital malformations of the heart and great vessels, which develop during the embryonic development. Examples are:
Atrial septal defect (ASD — Atrial Septal Defect)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD — Ventricular Septal Defect)
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great arteries
Acquired heart diseases: Arise after birth due to various factors:
Cardiomyopathies (dilatativ, hypertrophic, restrictive)
Myocarditis and pericarditis
Rheumatic fever and rheumatic heart disease
Endocarditis
Heart disease associated with genetic syndromes:
Marfan Syndrome (Aortic Regurgitation, Aortic Dilatation)
Down syndrome (frequent VSD, ASD)
Turner syndrome (Coarctation of the Aorta)
2. Classification according to physiological effects
This classification takes into account the impact on the flow of blood and oxygen supply:
Cyanotic heart defects: Lead to a reduction of the oxygen content in the arterial blood and in order to cyanosis. Examples:
Tetralogy of Fallot
Transposition of the great arteries
Trunkus arteriosus
Azyanotische heart failure: The oxygen content in the arterial blood remains normal. Examples:
Ventricular and atrial septal defects (without right‑to‑left Shunt)
Coarctation of the Aorta
Pulmonary stenosis
3. Classification according to hemodynamics
Here, the effect on the blood pressure and flow conditions will be considered:
Shunt disorders: Abnormal blood flow between the circuits (e.g. ASD, VSD, patent ductus arteriosus)
Obstructive disease: narrowing of the heart valves or blood vessels (e.g., aortic stenosis, pulmonary stenosis, Coarctation of the Aorta)
Regurgitation disease: reflux of blood through defective heart valves
Combined forms: combination of Shunt and obstruction of the components (e.g. tetralogy of Fallot)
4. Classification according to the time of Manifestation
Early manifestation (neonatal period): symptoms occur shortly after birth (e.g., Transposition of the great arteries, hypoplastic left heart syndrome)
Late manifestation of symptoms develop later in infancy or childhood (e.g., ventricular septal defect, atrial septal defect)
Asymptomatic course: disease is accidentally discovered in the course of investigations
5. International Classification Systems
For the standardized documentation and research of international classifications are used:
ICD‑10 (International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health problems): categories, such as Q20–Q28 for congenital heart defects
Nomenclature of Pediatric and Congenital Heart Disease (NCCHD): Special nomenclature for pediatric heart defects, which allows for a precise description
Summary
The classification of cardiovascular diseases in children is multidimensional — causes, physiological effects, hemodynamics, and time of Manifestation. A clear classification is essential for clinical practice, epidemiology and scientific research. The use of standardized classification systems ensures a uniform communication between medical professionals around the world.
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> Ang presyon ng dugo ay isa sa mga pangunahing indikasyon ng kalusugan, na hindi lamang sumasalamin sa puso at sistema ng sirkulasyon, kundi pati na rin sa aktibidad ng mga bato, mga organo ng endokrin, paggawa ng dugo, at ng sistema ng nerbiyos. Kaya naman, walang isang unibersal na gamot laban sa mataas na presyon ng dugo. Hindi ka basta basta puwedeng pumunta sa botika at magtanong ng 'tableta para sa presyon,' kasi agad na tatanungin ng parmasyutiko – anong gamot ang nireseta sa iyo ng doktor?

<a href="http://digitaldaya.com/imagenes/nutrition-in-cardiovascular-diseases-diet.xml">Classification of cardiovascular diseases in children</a>
Diuretiko (Diuretika) ay nagpapataas ng pag-ihi ng katawan, na nagreresulta sa pagbaba ng presyon ng dugo. Simpleng paliwanag: Ang tuloy-tuloy na pag-ihi ng katawan ay nagdudulot ng pagbaba ng dami ng plasma sa dugo at sa gayon ay mas kaunting likido sa mga ugat — bumababa ang presyon sa mga pader ng ugat. <a href="http://indicaperu.com/userfiles/2956-high-blood-pressure-tablets-for-the-continuous-application-of-pressure.xml">Classification of cardiovascular diseases in children</a>
## What is cardiovascular disease means ##
What is circulatory mean in diseases?
Cardiovascular diseases (including cardiovascular diseases) are a group of diseases that involve the heart and the blood circulatory system. These diseases are among the leading causes of death worldwide and represent a significant public health Problem.
Definition and main forms
Heart disease refers to a variety of disorders that affect the following organs and structures:
the heart (myocardium, heart valves, heart muscle);
the blood vessels (arteries, veins, capillaries);
the circulatory system as a whole.
Among the most important forms of cardiovascular disease:
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is A narrowing of the coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis, which leads to a decreased oxygen supply to the heart muscle tissue.
Heart attack: An acute closure of a heart vessel that leads to the death of heart muscle cells.
Stroke (apoplexy): A disorder of blood circulation in the brain, which is caused by Vascular occlusion or rupture.
High blood pressure (hypertension): A permanently elevated blood pressure increases the workload on the heart and blood vessels.
Congestive heart failure: A functional disorder of the heart, when it can no longer pump enough blood in the circulation.
Arrhythmias: disturbances of the heart rhythm, which can range from fast to slow, or irregular heartbeats.
Atherosclerosis: A calcification and hardening of the artery walls, restricting blood flow.
Risk factors
A number of factors increases the risk for the development of cardiovascular diseases. You can be in modifiable and non-modifiable factors below:
Non-modifiable risk factors:
Age (the risk increases with age);
Gender (men are up to 50. Age more affected; after Menopause, the risk in women approaching men);
genetic predisposition (family history of early cardiovascular disease).
Modifiable Risk Factors:
High blood pressure;
elevated blood fats (hyperlipidemia);
Diabetes mellitus;
Overweight and obesity;
physical inactivity;
unhealthy diet (high fat, salt and sugar consumption);
Smoking;
excessive consumption of alcohol;
chronic Stress.
Symptoms and diagnosis
The symptoms of heart disease vary greatly depending on the disease. Typical signs include:
Chest pain or tight (Angina pectoris);
Shortness of breath, especially during physical exertion;
Dizziness, Fainting;
Heart palpitations or irregular heartbeat;
Edema (water retention), and in particular on the legs;
General fatigue and a drop in performance.
The diagnosis includes various methods of investigation:
History and physical examination;
Blood tests (lipid spectrum of blood sugar, inflammatory markers);
Electrocardiogram (ECG);
Echocardiogram (ultrasound of the heart);
Load tests (e.g., treadmill test);
Coronary angiography (x-ray examination of the heart arteries with contrast medium);
Ultrasound examinations of the vessels.
Prevention and treatment
The prevention of cardiovascular diseases is based on the modification of risk factors:
healthy, well-balanced diet with lots of fruits, vegetables, fiber, and unsaturated fatty acids;
regular physical activity (at least 150 minutes of moderate load per week);
Weight normalization;
Waiver of Smoking and reduction of alcohol consumption;
Stress management;
periodic medical examinations for the early detection of risk factors.
The treatment depends on the particular disease and can drug therapies (e.g., blood pressure-lowering, cholesterol-lowering drugs, anticoagulants), include lifestyle-related measures and, in severe cases, surgical procedures (e.g., Bypass surgery, Stent Implantation).
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## The etiology of cardiovascular diseases ##
The Etiology of cardiovascular diseases
Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) represent one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in industrialized countries. The Etiology of these diseases is multifactorial, and includes a combination of genetic, environmental and lifestyle-related factors.
Genetic factors play a significant role in the pathogenesis of CVD. Familial clusters of diseases such as hypertension, coronary heart disease or heart rhythm disorders suggest a genetic predisposition. Specific gene mutations that affect the Regulation of blood pressure, Lipid metabolism or the function of the heart muscle, may increase the risk significantly.
The lifestyle-related risk factors include:
Unhealthy diet: A high consumption of saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, salt and sugar promotes the development of atherosclerosis and hypertension.
Lack of exercise: A low level of physical activity is associated with an increased risk for Obesity, type 2 Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases.
Tobacco use: cigarette Smoking leads to damage of the vascular inner layer (endothelium), increased thrombus formation and accelerates the process of atherosclerosis.
Excessive alcohol consumption: a long-term and excessive alcohol consumption can lead to alcohol-induced cardiomyopathy, and hypertension.
Environmental and socio-economic factors also contribute to the development of CVD. Chronic Stress, noise, air pollution and low socioeconomic Status are associated with an increased risk for cardiovascular disease.
Other medical risk factors that can lead to the development of CVD, are:
Hypertension: A permanently elevated blood pressure damages the blood vessels and increases the workload on the heart.
Dyslipidemia: elevated levels of LDL cholesterol and a low HDL‑cholesterol levels promote the formation of hardening of the arteries.
Diabetes mellitus: Diabetes, the risk for coronary heart disease, stroke, and peripheral arterial occlusive disease is increased significantly.
Overweight and obesity: A higher percentage of body fat, especially visceral fat, increases the risk for various cardiovascular diseases.
In conclusion, the Etiology of cardiovascular disease is based on a complex interaction of various factors. A preventive strategy should therefore begin to influence modifiable risk factors such as diet, physical activity and tobacco consumption, while at the same time, the medical Monitoring of people with a genetic predisposition or existing risk conditions should be intensified.
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